向 Spring Boot 项目添加数据类

In this part of the tutorial, you'll add some more functionality to the application and discover more Kotlin language features, such as data classes. It requires changing the MessageController class to respond with a JSON document containing a collection of serialized objects.

Update your application

1. In the same package, next to the DemoApplication.kt file, create a Message.kt file.

2. In the Message.kt file, create a data class with two properties: id and text:

    // Message.kt
    package com.example.demo
   
    data class Message(val id: String?, val text: String)
   

   Message class will be used for data transfer: a list of serialized Message objects will make up the JSON document that the controller is going to respond to the browser request.

   The main purpose of data classes in Kotlin is to hold data. Such classes are marked with the data keyword, and some standard functionality and some utility functions are often mechanically derivable from the class structure.

   In this example, you declared Message as a data class as its main purpose is to store the data.

   Properties in Kotlin classes can be declared either as:

   • mutable, using the var keyword
   • read-only, using the val keyword

   The Message class declares two properties using val keyword, the id and text. The compiler will automatically generate the getters for both of these properties. It will not be possible to reassign the values of these properties after an instance of the Message class is created.

   Kotlin provides built-in support for nullable types. In Kotlin, the type system distinguishes between references that can hold null (nullable references) and those that cannot (non-nullable references).
   
   For example, a regular variable of type String cannot hold null. To allow nulls, you can declare a variable as a nullable string by writing String?.

   The id property of the Message class is declared as a nullable type this time. Hence, it is possible to create an instance of Message class by passing null as a value for id:

   Message(null, "Hello!")

3. In the MessageController.kt file, instead of the index() function, create the listMessages() function returning a list of Message objects:

    // MessageController.kt
    package com.example.demo
   
    import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping
    import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping
    import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController
   
    @RestController
    @RequestMapping("/")
    class MessageController {
        @GetMapping
        fun listMessages() = listOf(
            Message("1", "Hello!"),
            Message("2", "Bonjour!"),
            Message("3", "Privet!"),
        )
    }
   

   The Kotlin Standard Library provides implementations for basic collection types: sets, lists, and maps.
   
   Each collection type can be read-only or mutable:

   • A read-only collection comes with operations for accessing collection elements.
   • A mutable collection comes also with write operations for adding, removing, and updating its elements.

   The corresponding factory functions are also provided by the Kotlin Standard Library to create instances of such collections.

   In this tutorial, you use the listOf() function to create a list of Message objects. This is the factory function to create a read-only list of objects: you can't add or remove elements from the list.
   
   If it is required to perform write operations on the list, call the mutableListOf() function to create a mutable list instance.

   A trailing comma is a comma symbol after the last item of a series of elements:

   Message("3", "Privet!"),

   This is a convenient feature of Kotlin syntax and is entirely optional – your code will still work without them.

   In the example above, creating a list of Message objects includes the trailing comma after the last listOf() function argument.

The response from MessageController will now be a JSON document containing a collection of Message objects.

Any controller in the Spring application renders JSON response by default if Jackson library is on the classpath. As you specified the spring-boot-starter-web dependency in the build.gradle.kts file, you received Jackson as a transitive dependency. Hence, the application responds with a JSON document if the endpoint returns a data structure that can be serialized to JSON.

Here is a complete code of the DemoApplication.kt, MessageController.kt, and Message.kt files:

// DemoApplication.kt
package com.example.demo

import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication
import org.springframework.boot.runApplication

@SpringBootApplication
class DemoApplication

fun main(args: Array<String>) {
    runApplication<DemoApplication>(*args)
}

// MessageController.kt
package com.example.demo

import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/")
class MessageController {
    @GetMapping
    fun listMessages() = listOf(
        Message("1", "Hello!"),
        Message("2", "Bonjour!"),
        Message("3", "Privet!"),
    )
}

// Message.kt
package com.example.demo

data class Message(val id: String?, val text: String)

Run the application

The Spring application is ready to run:

1. Run the application again.

2. Once the application starts, open the following URL:

    http://localhost:8080
   

   You will see a page with a collection of messages in JSON format:

   

Next step

In the next part of the tutorial, you'll add and configure a database to your project, and make HTTP requests.

Proceed to the next chapter